Fig. 2

Impact of perinatal exposure to foodborne TiO₂ on colonic microbiota at day 30. A–D Wild type female mice have been exposed to TiO₂ (9 mg/Kg of BW/Day) during the perinatal period including gestational and lactating periods. Then at 30 days after birth, pups have been sacrificed and the structure of the colonic mucosa-associated microbiota has been monitored by 16S rRNA gene sequencing (B–D). B Alpha diversity of colonic mucosal microbiota from exposed or non-exposed mice to foodborne TiO₂ at day 30 after birth. C Composition of colonic microbiota at phyla level (C) and Fold changes 2 for bacterial genera significantly perturbed (D) from exposed or non-exposed mice to foodborne TiO₂ at day 30 after birth. Data are expressed as median ± SEM and were analysed by Mann and Whitney test. *p < 0.05 versus control group. At least n = 8 per group