Fig. 5

Impact of gut microbiota dysbiosis induced by perinatal exposure to foodborne TiO₂ on the intestinal barrier function of offspring. A–D Germ free female mice have been exposed to gut microbiota dysbiosis induced by perinatal foodborne until the weaning i.e. postnatal days 30. B Then, in vivo permeability was determined by measuring the level of plasmatic FITC-dextran 4 kDa, 3 h following oral administration. C, D On scrapped colonic epithelium, mRNA expression of Il1b, Il12, Tnfa, Ifng, Occludin (Ocl), Tight junction protein 1 (Tpj1) and Tight junction protein 2 (Tpj2) and myosin light chain kinase (Mlck) have been monitored at postnatal days 30. Data are expressed as mean ± SEM and were analysed by Student’s t-test. **p < 0.01 and ***p < 0.001 versus control group. At least n = 5 per group