Table 1 Characteristics of nanomaterials

Source

Sigma, USA

Sigma, USA

Purity

≥ 99.7%

≥ 98%

Trace metal analysis

Endotoxin

Under detection limit (0.01 EU/mL)

Under detection limit (0.01 EU/mL)

TAL

Size (nm)

36.43 (16.44–52.33)

22.12 (10.14–36.97)

TEM

Z-average (d.nm)

In water: 640

In medium: 687.2

In water: 581.4

In medium: 1559

DLS

Polydispersity

In water: 0.858

In medium: 0.871

In water: 0.467

In medium:0.449

Zeta potential (mV)

In water: − 4.82

In medium: − 11.5

In water: 4.45

In medium: − 26.9