Fig. 1

Study design and characterization of human iMGLs. a Schematic of collection of traffic-related air pollution PM samples. b Schematic of human iPSC-derived microglia-like cell (iMGL) cultures for functional assessment after 24-h PM exposure. Created partly with BioRender.com. c Immunostaining images of day 24 iMGLs at × 20 (top) and × 40 (bottom) magnification for control (only secondary antibody), P2RY12, TMEM119, TGFbR1, TREM2, and PU.1 antibodies in red and nuclei in blue. Scale bars 100 µm (top) and 20 µm (bottom). Cell lines: BIONi, TOB. d Representative phase contrast images of iMGLs treated for 24 h with vehicle (0.01% DMSO), 10, 50 or 100 µg ml⁻¹ EN590-PM or CNG-PM. Scale bar 100 µm. Cell lines: BIONi, MBE, MAD6, TOB