Fig. 9From: Exposure to high dose of polystyrene nanoplastics causes trophoblast cell apoptosis and induces miscarriageThe proposed regulatory mechanism. PS-NPs can readily enter trophoblast cells and distribute primarily in cytoplasm, where PS-NPs activate Bcl-2/Cleaved-caspase-2/Cleaved-caspase-3 signaling through the classical mitochondrial pathway, leading to trophoblast cell apoptosis and further inducing miscarriageBack to article page