In vitro inflammation and toxicity assessment of pre- and post-incinerated organomodified nanoclays to macrophages using high-throughput screening approaches

Table 2 Particle characteristics of pre- and post-incinerated nanoclay in THP-1 cell culture medium

	CloisNa	Clois30B	I-CloisNa	I-Clois30B	CS
XRD analysis
Basal spacing (nm)	1.21	1.85	Not present	Not present	n/a
Crystal structure	Montmorillonite; dioctahedral	Montmorillonite; dioctahedral	Amorphous quartz SiO₂	Quartz	Quartz
RPMI + 10% FBS
SEM morphology	Single or small stacked platelets	Small or large stacked platelets	Smooth, amorphous	Amorphous; pocketed; platelet-like	Fractured, crystal-like
SEM mean length (nm)	379 ± 24	1270 ± 193	2872 ± 186	2392 ± 133	953 ± 36
SEM mean width (nm)	237 ± 15	857 ± 129	1731 ± 108	1636 ± 98	618 ± 24
Z average (nm)*	294.6 ± 3.1	205.7 ± 29.9	1795 ± 14.6	1495 ± 940	369.7 ± 7.51^a
PdI*	0.388 ± .020	0.43 ± .035	0.417 ± .025	0.569 ± .077	0.535 ± .062
ζ*	− 10.3 ± .4	− 6.8 ± .3	− 9.8 ± .3	− 10.1 ± .4	− 9.0 ± .4
pH*	7.80 ± 0.02	7.82 ± 0.0	7.76 ± 0.07	7.83 ± 0.01	7.78 ± 0.01
Particle density ρENM (g/cm³)	2.86	1.98	2.196^†	2.65^†	2.65
Mean effective density ρEV (g/cm³)^b	1.066 ± 0.001^A	1.244 ± 0.018^B	1.389 ± 0.020^DE	1.264 ± 0.010^BC	1.373 ± 0.018^DE
THP-1 cellular uptake	Endosomes	Endosomes, some loss of intact endosome	Endosomes, acellular	Endosomes, acellular	Endosomes

SEM values represent means ± 1SE (n = 108–437)
*Values represent means ± 1SE of independent experiments (n = 3–6)
^aValue did not agree with SEM measurements
^bA theoretical stacking factor of 0.634 was used to calculate ρE
^{A to E}Different capital letters indicate those ρEV significantly different from each other (p < 0.05)
^†Not determined; estimated density based on XRD data and [105]

ISSN: 1743-8977