Fig. 5
From: Toxicity of graphene-family nanoparticles: a general review of the origins and mechanisms
![Fig. 5](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1186%2Fs12989-016-0168-y/MediaObjects/12989_2016_168_Fig5_HTML.gif)
A schematic diagram elucidating signalling pathway of TLR4 and TLR9 responsible for GFNs-induced cytotoxicity. GFNs can be recognized by TLRs, thus activate IKK and IκB by a MyD88-dependent mechanism, resulting in the release of NF-κB subunits and initiating the translocation into the nucleus. Thus, pro-inflammatory factors were transcribed and secreted out of nucleus, modulating the immune responses initiating programmed autophagy, apoptosis and necrosis