Table 1 Toxicity of GFNs in organs
From: Toxicity of graphene-family nanoparticles: a general review of the origins and mechanisms
Graphene family nanomaterials | Physiochemial properties and functionalization | Animals | Dose and time incubation | Effects | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nanoscale graphene oxide (NGO) | No information | C57BL/6 mice | 0, 1, 5, 10 mg/kg, intratracheal instillation 0 h, 24 h, 48 h, 72 h and 1 week | Result in acute lung injury (ALI) and chronic pulmonary fibrosis | [30] |
Few layer graphene (FLG) | No information | ICR mice | 0.1, or 1 mg/mL, oral gavage or intratracheal instillation 3 or 28 days | Intratracheally instilled FLG resulted in acute lung injury and pulmonary edema, FLG didn’t show detectable absorption through the gastrointestinal tract by oral gavage. | [61] |
Graphene platelets (GPs) | No information | Mice | inhalation exposure, 1 day-6 weeks | GP caused acute inflammation in lung at 1 day, and alleviated inflammation in lung after 6 weeks | [48] |
Graphene nanoplatelets (GPs) | Thickness of 10 nm Size of 5–30 μm | Female C57BL/6 strain mice | 50 μg per mouse, pharyngeal aspiration or intrapleural installation, 24 h- 7 days | Large GP were inflammogenic in both the lung and the pleural space | [24] |
GO | Thickness of 0.93 nm Size of 150–250 nm | Sprague-Dawley rats | 0.5 or 4 mg/m3, inhalation exposure, single 6 h | The single inhalation exposure to GO induce minimal toxic responses in rat lungs | [235] |
GO | Thickness of 0.9 nm size of l-GO: 1–5 μm size of s-GO:100–500 nm | Male ICR mice | 1.0 mg/kg, intravenous injected, 24 h | Accumulated mainly in the liver and lungs | [78] |
GO | Thickness of < 4 nm size of l-GO:237.9 ± 79.3 nm; size of s-GO: 54.9 ± 23.1 nm | Male and female ICR-strain mice | 24 mg/kg, tail vein injected, 5 days | Didn’t effect pup numbers, sex ratio, weights, pup survival rates or pup growth, low toxicity for male reproduction | [66] |
GO | Thickness of ~1.0 nm sizes of 10–800 nm | Kun Ming mice | 1,10 mg/ kg, intravenous injection 14 days | Led to high accumulation, long-time retention, pulmonary edema and granuloma formation | [49] |
NGO-PEG | Thickness of 1 nm size of 10–800 nm | Male Kunming mice | 5 mg/kg, tail intravenous injection 10 min-24 h | NGO-PEG alleviated acute tissue injuries, decreased the early weight loss | [81] |
GO GO-PEG RGO-PEG nRGO-PEG | Thickness of 0.94,1.22, 4.43 and 5.66 nm, size of 450, 25, 50 and 27 nm | Balb/c mice | 4 mg/kg, intraperitoneal injection 1, 7 and 30 days | Accumulated in the reticuloendothelial (RES) system including liver and spleen over a long time | [31] |
GO Graphene quantum dots (GQD) | Thickness of GO, GQD: 0.5–1 nm sizes of GO, GQD: 3–5 nm | Balb/c mice | 20 mg/kg intravenous injection or intraperitoneal injection 14 days | GO appeared toxic and caused death GQD revealed no accumulation in organs and caused low cytotoxicity | [176] |
Purified graphene oxide (pGO) | Thickness of 1–2 nm, lateral dimension of 100–500 nm | Female C57Bl/6 mice | 50 μg/animal, intraperitoneal injection 24 h, 7 days, | Induced moderate inflammation and granuloma formation following | [99] |
GO | Thickness of 3.9 and 4.05 nm, size of 350 nm and 2 μm | C57BL/6 male mice | Series concentrations, subcutaneous injection21 days | The micro-size of GO induced much stronger inflammation responses than the nanosized GO | [34] |
GO | Size of 1110 to 16 200 nm | C57BL/6 J mice | 2 or 20 mg/kg, subcutaneous and intraperitoneal injection | Both GO and a reduction of GO result in immune cell infiltration, uptake, and clearance. | [84] |
RGO-iron oxide nanoparticles (rGO-IONP) | Thickness of ˂10 nm Size of 15.0 ± 2.0 nm | Female Balb/c mice | 400 μg, subcutaneous injection, | RGO–IONP can effectively inactivate multiple-drug-resistant bacteria in subcutaneous abscesses | [236] |
GO GO-PEG | Thickness of 0.94, 1.22, 4.43 and 5.66 nm, size of 450, 25, 50 and 27 nm | Female balb/c mice | 100 mg/kg, Oral administration; 50 mg/kg, intraperitoneal injection, 1, 7 and 30 days | No obvious tissue uptake via oral administration, indicating the rather limited intestinal adsorption of those nanomaterials | [237] |
RGO | sizes of small rGO: 87.97 ± 30.83, sizes of large rGO:472.08 ± 249.17 nm | Male C57black/6 mice | 60 mg/kg, oral gavage, 5 days | RGO affected general locomotor activity, balance, and neuromuscular coordination, but showed little change in exploratory, anxiety-like, or learning and memory behaviors. | [31] |