Table 1 Reported data on sex-related toxicity and biodistribution of AgNPs in rats via sub-chronic oral exposure
Animal | AgNPs properties (size, coating) | Dosage and exposure time | Sex-related ADME and toxicity effects | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Sprague–Dawley rats | 60 nm, coated with carboxymethyl-cellulose | 30, 300, 1000 mg/kg b. w./day; 28 days oral administration | Twofold higher Ag accumulation in females | [21] |
Fischer 344 rats | 60 nm, coated with carboxymethyl-cellulose | 30, 125, 500 mg/kg b.w./day; 90 days oral administration | Higher Ag accumulation in kidneys of females | [51] |
Fischer 344 rats | 56 nm, coated with carboxymethyl-cellulose | 30, 125, 500 mg/kg b.w./day; 90 days oral administration | Twofold higher Ag accumulation in kidneys of females; decrease in the bodyweight of males | [53] |
Sprague–Dawley rats | 10, 75, and 110 nm, citrate-coated | 10 mg/kg b.w.; single oral administration 9, 18, 36 mg/kg b.w./day; daily oral gavage for 13 weeks | Higher Ag accumulation in kidney, liver, jejunum, and colon of females | [20] |
Sprague–Dawley rats | 10, 75, and 110 nm, citrate-coated | 9, 18, 36 mg/kg b.w./day; daily oral gavage for 13 weeks | Sex-specific effects more prominent for the gut-associated immune responses | [54] |
Sprague–Dawley rats | 10 and 110 nm, citrate-coated | 9 mg/kg b.w./day | Upregulated tight junction genes expression and TNF-α in females | [55] |