Table 3 Summary of key effects on gut microbiome and plasma metabolome determined after orally administration of Ag NP or SiO2 NP
Nanomaterial | Effects on the microbiome | Effects on the metabolome | Possible adverse effects | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ag | Akkermansia | ↓ | Adverse effects on the immune system [67] | ||
Ag | Allantoin | ↑ | Sign of oxidative stress [86] | ||
SiO2 | Enterococcus | ↓ | Adverse effects on the immune system [81] | ||
SiO2 | Turicibacter | ↓ | Elevated inflammation [82] | ||
SiO2 | Romboutsia | ↓ | Increased growth of pathogens [84] | ||
SiO2 | Proteobacteria | ↓ | Panthotenic acid (Vitamine B5) | ↓ | Adverse effects on the immune system [90] |
SiO2 | Pseudouridine | ↑ | Sign of stress response [87] | ||
Ag/SiO2 | Prevotellacea | ↑ | Members of this family can trigger IBD [73] | ||
Ag/SiO2 | Proteus | ↓ | Catecholamines | ↓ | Disturbed production of neurotransmitters [88] |
Ag/SiO2 | Lactobacillus | ↓ | Indole-3-acetic-acid | ↓ | Enhanced susceptibility to chronic intestinal diseases [93, 96] |